Advanced Placement (AP) English Language and Composition Practice Exam

What type of evidence is referred to as first-hand evidence?

1. Facts gleaned from authoritative second sources

2. Evidence based on a writer's personal experience and observations

3. Data compiled from investigative reports

4. Statistical evidence from historical contexts

The correct answer is: Evidence based on a writer's personal experience and observations

First-hand evidence refers specifically to information derived directly from someone's personal experiences and observations. This type of evidence is valuable because it provides a direct connection to the subject matter, allowing the writer to present insights shaped by their own encounters, feelings, and understandings. By using first-hand evidence, a writer can effectively engage the audience with authentic narratives and personal anecdotes, which can lend emotional weight and credibility to an argument or analysis. This contrasts with the other options which involve second-hand or indirect forms of evidence. For instance, authoritative second sources summarize or interpret information rather than originate it, while investigative reports compile and analyze data from various sources rather than reflecting personal experience. Similarly, statistical evidence from historical contexts offers an objective snapshot but lacks the personal aspect that first-hand evidence provides.