Advanced Placement (AP) English Language and Composition Practice Exam

Which of the following defines 'begging the question' in logical fallacies?

1. A focus on emotional appeals to persuade

2. A claim based on dubious evidence or support

3. A conclusion drawn from irrelevant information

4. Relying solely on authoritative sources

The correct answer is: A claim based on dubious evidence or support

The term 'begging the question' specifically refers to a logical fallacy in which an argument's premises assume the truth of the conclusion instead of supporting it. This creates a circular reasoning scenario where the argument goes around in a loop without providing actual evidence. The essence of this fallacy is that it takes for granted what it should be proving. In this context, option B captures the essence of begging the question by highlighting that the claim is based on dubious evidence or support. If the evidence presented does not convincingly substantiate the claim, it can lead to an argument that essentially assumes what it is supposed to prove, indicative of circular reasoning. The other options do not encapsulate the definition of 'begging the question.' Emotional appeals, irrelevant information, or reliance on authority do not inherently involve the circular nature of the reasoning that characterizes this particular fallacy. Instead, they describe different logical missteps or persuasive tactics that diverge from the core concept of circular reasoning associated with begging the question.