Advanced Placement (AP) English Language and Composition Practice Exam

Which of the following is NOT an element of classical argument structure?

1. Refutation

2. Narration

3. Analysis of secondary sources

4. Conclusion

The correct answer is: Analysis of secondary sources

In classical argument structure, the components typically include an introduction with a thesis, narration (or exposition) to present background information and context, a series of arguments that support the thesis, a refutation to address counterarguments, and a conclusion to summarize and reinforce the main points. The inclusion of refutation and narration demonstrates a thorough engagement with both the primary argument and opposing viewpoints. The analysis of secondary sources, while important in many forms of writing and research, does not fit strictly within the framework of classical argumentation. Classical structure focuses primarily on the primary argument and the immediate supporting evidence provided by the author. Secondary sources may bolster an argument but are not integral to the classical structure itself. Therefore, pointing out that analysis of secondary sources is not a necessary component highlights its distinction from the core elements of classical argumentation.